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The Great Riddle: Wittgenstein and Nonsense, Theology and Philosophy, by Stephen Mulhall

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Can we talk meaningfully about God? The theological movement known as Grammatical Thomism affirms that religious language is nonsensical, because the reality of God is beyond our capacity for expression. Stephen Mulhall critically evaluates the claims of this movement (as exemplified in the work of Herbert McCabe and David Burrell) to be a legitimate inheritor of Wittgenstein's philosophical methods as well as Aquinas's theological project. The major obstacle to this claim is that Grammatical Thomism makes the nonsensicality of religious language when applied to God a touchstone of Thomist insight, whereas 'nonsense' is standardly taken to be solely a term of criticism in Wittgenstein's work. Mulhall argues that, if Wittgenstein is read in the terms provided by the work of Cora Diamond and Stanley Cavell, then a place can be found in both his early work and his later writings for a more positive role to be assigned to nonsensical utterances--one which depends on exploiting an analogy between religious language and riddles. And once this alignment between Wittgenstein and Aquinas is established, it also allows us to see various ways in which his later work has a perfectionist dimension--in that it overlaps with the concerns of moral perfectionism, and in that it attributes great philosophical significance to what theology and philosophy have traditionally called 'perfections' and 'transcendentals', particularly concepts such as Being, Truth, and Unity or Oneness. This results in a radical reconception of the role of analogous usage in language, and so in the relation between philosophy and theology.
- Sales Rank: #1017341 in Books
- Published on: 2016-02-03
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 5.60" h x .80" w x 8.60" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 160 pages
Review
"Stephen Mulhall's recent book derived from his 2014 Stanton Lectures is a well written, carefully argued and sophisticated contribution which centrally rests upon a resolute reading of the early Wittgenstein. His project is to take the resolute reading combined with several other additional ways of reading Wittgenstein, such as Malcolm on analogy, to bring out hitherto unnoticed aspects of his work and offer a properly philosophically grounded articulation of grammatical Thomism. As the chapters progress there are steadily increasing layers of sophisticated Wittgenstein interpretation, such as that involving analogy, which build upon each other to claim that his later work has a perfectionist dimension which relates to the concerns of moral perfectionism and 'perfection' and 'transcendentals'." --Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews Online
About the Author
Stephen Mulhall, New College, Oxford
Stephen Mulhall is Professor of Philosophy and Fellow of New College, Oxford. He was previously a Prize Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford and a Reader in Philosophy at the University of Essex.
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5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
The Great Riddle: Towards better understanding
By Ian Mcpherson
The Great Riddle: Towards better understanding (paragraphs A to Q, 2028 words)
A: In a congenial mood, we all enjoy a lively riddle, as well as finding it engaging. Some riddles may attract us as playful, perhaps ironic, gaming with words. Riddling can be useful for teaching and learning, arousing curiosity and questing, as well as for some degree of energizing competition. However, sometimes riddles show a darker, less attractive side. Riddle-posers may be posing as superior, wiser and more powerful, being pre-occupied with controlling others. Recall the riddling sphinx that threatens Thebes and Oedipus; also the Riddler menacing Batman.
B: Such riddles may in effect be excluding or trapping those with weaker, less well trained, powers and understanding. Such riddlers and their riddling may be experienced as uncanny, sinister and worse. In this book, Stephen Mulhall explores both lighter and darker sides of riddles and related stories (nightmares, as would-be stories, are haunted by riddles), opening up new possibilities for better understanding of Wittgenstein, Thomas Aquinas, their interpreters, and of all else, including in principle ‘other religions’ – starting with Judaism and Islam, and other ethical and philosophical traditions or cultures.
C: The book began as the 2013-2014 invited Stanton Lectures (University of Cambridge) in philosophy of religion. The original lectures, audio-recorded, are still (at 16 December 2015) available on-line at https://sms.cam.ac.uk/collection/1637674 For those interested, the spoken lectures convey more of the style which both expresses and constitutes Mulhall himself. However the text of these originals has since been helpfully revised and expanded for this book. One surprising and delightful addition to the six chapters is Mulhall’s new Epilogue. Here he summarises, quotes and comments on key elements of The Riddles of the Hobbit by Adam Roberts (2013).
D: Mulhall finds Roberts’ rich book of ‘literary criticism’ (for want of a better label) immensely congenial - supplementing, as well as illustrating, his philosophical discussion. Not everyone is a fan of The Hobbit or a ready admirer of Tolkein. However, Roberts’ book, and Mulhall’s response to it, may well convert such sceptics. Mulhall even comments that his own approach (here he conflates it with Grammatical Thomism, rather than - say - his own more analogical version of Wittgenstein) would appear in the context of literary criticism as at one with the spirit of Roberts’ book. Hence some readers of Mulhall’s book might do well to start at the end with the Epilogue. Here Mulhall reminds us of how well he crosses borders between more academic philosophy and other disciplines.
E: ‘Nonsense’ has various relevant senses. To begin with, we are not concerned here with the idea of some absolute absence of sense. ‘Nonsense’ can be applied either, firstly, to an unintended failure to make sense or, secondly, to an intended refusal to make sense, in some specific way or context, and for some specific purpose. Both of these kinds of nonsense are important to Wittgenstein in his earlier and later work in philosophy. Critics of (certain recognised versions of) philosophy and of theology can be quick to dismiss these as nonsense in the first sense, without pausing to consider carefully enough whether they might sometimes be nonsense in the second sense. Riddles, like some kinds of poetry, might most readily be seen as more or less incomplete refusals to make sense. Many kinds of dream, too, seem riddled with riddles. In response to all these we may, or may not, fail to make sense. We fail to make sense of riddles if we fail to take account of their intended refusal, in some respect(s), to make sense.
F: Mulhall’s strategy is to explore these two main kinds of nonsense and their interaction with reference to Wittgenstein and his interpreters, especially in contexts characteristic of religion and theology, and with specific reference to Thomas Aquinas, but also Anselm of Canterbury, and their respective interpreters. In pursuing this strategy Mulhall develops arguments already pioneered by Cora Diamond, exploring similarities and differences between versions of nonsense and riddles, with particular reference to Wittgenstein and the spirit of his concern with reality in and beyond philosophy.
G: Diamond has discussed what she calls the ‘great riddle’ of Anselm’s name for God as ‘that than which no greater can be conceived’. While Mulhall discusses Anselm in response to Diamond, he also relates the affinities between nonsense and riddles to ways in which Thomas Aquinas and his interpreters have tried to understand important Biblical as well as philosophical names and language for God. We may properly refuse to make sense, not only as playful riddlers, but also if the only concepts available to us in some context or contexts, and for some purpose, are in need of thorough transformation (conversion, change of mind, and repentance can be very close to synonyms) such that we cannot bring ourselves to say with certainty we know how we should use them, even though we know in some respect(s) how we should not use them.
H: Mulhall’s strategy leads towards surprising degrees of convergence between Wittgenstein and Thomas Aquinas, especially as understood by some recent interpreters, principally David Burrell and Herbert McCabe. These witnesses are Mulhall’s main exemplars of the theological movement or ethos and style of thinking he calls Grammatical Thomism. Mulhall also mentions Fergus Kerr and Victor Preller. ‘Grammatical’ alludes to Wittgenstein’s signature term ‘grammar’, signalling his insight into how the ways we do things with words (more or less formally or self-consciously), when well-attended to, disclose essence or reality, and so our less or more explicit theology.
I: Especially important amongst the ways we try to word the world are the many ways we speak, think, feel and act guided by varieties of analogy. Wittgenstein explores, and encourages us to explore further, our analogical ways most explicitly in terms of another signature term, ‘family resemblances’. Such explorations open up varieties of mutual involvement between Wittgenstein and Thomas, given the Dominican theologian’s own extensive and intensive concern with analogy. Here we may come to think of a way of analogical ways, such that our appreciation of unity is immensely enriched by diversity, while our appreciation of diversity is immensely clarified by unity.
J: All in all, this requires and encourages development of sound judgement, always oriented towards better judgement. In such matters Mulhall regularly makes some connection with the ethos or sensibility he and Stanley Cavell call ‘perfectionism’ – not to be confused with obsessive, disordered application of inappropriate standards so as to inflict self-paralysis. Well-ordered perfectionism is an ecumenical kind of development (ethical, aesthetic, personal and spiritual) in which understanding shuttles both forwards and backwards (like the messenger god Hermes) seeking to unfreeze, for the sake of a better fit between, its past and future versions, between riddles promising mystery and mystery fulfilling riddles. Since Hermes works so much in and through analogies, hermeneutics, as the art of interpretation, can never be reduced to some regulatory algorithm. Perhaps this is why Orpheus, looking back for absolute certainty beyond promise, lost Eurydice.
K: Mulhall shows in considerable detail how our understanding of both Wittgenstein and Thomas, and so of both theology and philosophy, as versions of the love of wisdom and of God, may be enriched immensely, extensively and intensively. While such analogical thinking has been pioneered by McCabe, Burrell and others, Mulhall goes further in his careful clarifications and imaginative developments. Following this way of ways with words and in language, we may come to see how this is what it means that God is, and so learn what we may mean as we attempt to say, again and again, who and what and how God is. Following this way of ways we may come to learn how the mystery of God is essentially open mystery, involving sharing and being shared, inviting mutual involvement.
L: This involves a conversion of our words and language, our concepts and understanding, so thoroughgoing that we can only begin to think of it as coming to us, being given again and again, from beyond all our attempts so far to speak and think. And this is what is widely understood as divine revelation. Hence the salience, as objects of comparison, of those riddles that refuse in some degree to assimilate or accommodate to our present competence in speaking and thinking. They say to us: you must change your life, impossible as this may seem to you here and now. The impossible and possible must change places, thus changing your and our understanding of the actual, the possible and the necessary. This could be called the conversion of our sense of modality, alluding to modal logic.
M: I’d still like to ask Mulhall at least two main questions. Firstly, could any riddle count as or be an absolute refusal to make sense? Thinking analogically, would this not amount to an old life-world so estranged from the coming new world that we would have two worlds, one belonging to God, the other the ‘creation’ of some anti-God or rival god? May we infer that for Mulhall any intended ‘absolute’ refusal to make sense, any ‘absolute’ riddle, is not all it may seem? I believe so. We can still have countless riddles as intermediate cases, mediating between (or obscurely mixing) our inability to make sense and our refusal to make sense in one or another kind of context or life-world or version of modality.
N: Secondly, Mulhall likes the thought that he is seeking not (only), as it were, to bring divine revelation down to the level of worldly riddles, but (also) to bring riddles up to the level of revelation. A better, more theological, version of this thought might be that he seeks to witness to how divine revelation would make (or makes) both these moves. This seems appropriate but not sufficient. For riddles, like problems, have solutions; like questions, they have answers. This is what it means to be a riddle, even if the solution or answer is beyond us here and now, either because of our inadequate powers or because of it being withheld. Moreover, we may have inadequate powers to construct or recognise the solution or solutions just because such powers are (so far) withheld from us.
O: Does Mulhall perhaps grasp too tightly the potentiality of riddles to turn in the light and wind, and so sometimes shine and chime as unexpected analogies? Might he perhaps be at some risk of becoming trapped in a dualistic model of riddles as existential, this-worldly questions or problems, awaiting essential, other-worldly, divine solutions or answers, a model that he criticises when he believes he finds it, or something like it, in some work of Denys Turner; and that others find in Paul Tillich? Lively riddles may aspire to combine both problem and solution, on a threshold between both, a threshold suggestive of mysteriously mutual involvement.
P: Could we come to see riddles as both appropriate and inappropriate for Mulhall’s purpose? Would riddles not come to appear less appropriate as they are superseded by the notion of living with or living into divine and human, non-competitive, mystery, where mystery is essentially non-exploitative because centred (as Christians, for example, may wish to say) in joyful and free mutual involvement between God in Christ and God’s people and creation? Would riddles not come to appear more appropriate as we try to recall how things seemed to us when we supposed we were mere strangers to any such mystery – if even imaginable or perhaps very faintly glimpsed, and as we try to understand how things seem to those others for whom mystery or mysteries, divine and human and creaturely, are nothing but mere riddles, puzzles, confused and confusing questions, typical power-play? One certainty here is that we all need better questions and answers, better problems and solutions, so our sense of mystery may be honest and open to all sides. John Keats’ sense of ‘negative capability’ can help here.
Q: I hope to revise this review as I learn better over time. In the meantime, Mulhall’s book keeps on giving, and so sustaining the careful reading and rereading it requires. And, for openness, I’d better mention I’m the ‘Iain (sic, typo) McPherson’ mentioned in Stephen Mulhall’s Preface. (First review version: 18th December, 2015. This revision: 21st December, 2015).
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